▲Sugarcane3-year contract for $4 (male)(male)3-year contract for $15 (fi rst-year arrivals)”lands in Hawaii★Wage comparison between other nationalities (1890)The Russian ship that carried Ishinomaki Wakamiya-maru's surviving castaways anchored off the coast of Hawaii18681885-18941894-19001900-19081908-1924Historical periodizationGannen-mono (fi rst-year arrivals)The era of contract immigrantsThe era of immigrants hired by private companiesThe era of free travelThe era of immigrants bringing over their friends and families from JapanBritish Captain James Cook discovered Hawaii and named the archipelago the Sandwich Islandsstarted their own businesses. However, the Hawaii government shifted from accepting Chinese workers to Japanese workers from around 1865, mainly because the Chinese exclusion movement was actively taking place in the United States mainland. As a result, demand for Japanese workers grew even stronger, which led to the first migration of Japanese workers to Hawaii in 1868.Eventsper monthper month (male)$12.50 per month $15-$18.50 per month $20 per month for general workers in and after 1920Hawaii was approved by the US as an independent countryNumber of immigrants153 people29,000 people57,000 people71,000 people61,000 people In 1881, the seventh King In 1881, the seventh King Kalākaua went on a trip Kalākaua went on a trip around the world and first around the world and first visited Japan. The King was welcomed and treated as a state guest by the Japanese government. One night during his stay, King Kalākaua along with his interpreter and receptionist requested a meeting with Emperor Meiji. During the meeting, King Kalākaua proposed an engagement between Princess Kaiulani, his niece and the next successor of the throne (6 years old), and the royalty of Japan Prince Higashifushimi The Japanese Embassy aboard the USS Powhatan visited Honolulu The escort ship Kanrin Maru also visited Honolulu on its way back to Japan from the USConclusion of temporary amity agreementRecruitment of Japanese contract workers beginsHawaiianPortugueseChineseJapanese▲Raw cane sugerYorihito (13 years old). This seems to have been due to the intention of the Hawaiian government, which had a sense of crisis in the invasion of Hawaii by the United States, to dismiss the American forces by establishing a relationship with the Japanese emperor. However, in order to avoid conflict with the United States, Emperor Meiji respectfully declined the off er. Nonetheless, the amicable relationship between Hawaii and Japan was not broken, and instead, the friendship was deepened.The port of Yokohama The port of Yokohama Monday, February 12, 2018$18.58$19.53$17.61$15.581854Convention of Kanagawa concludedPerry breaks Japan's isolationJapanese contract workers “Gannen-mono The Shinro Shimbun Hawaii Edition141778★1852 Chinese workers arrived in Hawaii Among Asians, Chinese were the first to migrate to Hawaii. Many of the Chinese who worked in 3 to 5years contracts stayed in Hawaii after their terms as the sugarcane fields in Hawaii did not have enough workers. Initially, the workers were forced to do semi-compulsory labor, but when the contract period of 5 years ended, some began buying their own fields and started cultivating sugarcane, and others 1868“Gannen-mono (fi rst-year “Gannen-mono (fi rst-year )” departed from arrivals)” departed from the port of Yokohama.the port of Yokohama.The working conditions of ★The working conditions of “immigrants in Hawaii”1804184218601867★King Kalākaua visits Japan★King KalKing Kalākaua met Emperor Meiji to propose an engagement King Kalākaua met Emperor Meiji to propose an engagement between the Japanese royal family and the princess of between the Japanese royal family and the princess of Hawaii and the Polynesian FederationHawaii and the Polynesian Federation1881This year (2018) marks the 150th year since Japanese fi rst immigrated to Hawaii in 1868, the fi rst year of the Meiji period. The Nikkei society in Hawaii is currently centered around the 3rd, 4th, and 5th generation, and is gradually changing in size, culture, and character. In this special feature, we will look back on the history of Japanese immigrants and think about the future relationship between Japan and Hawaii in this milestone year 2018. On May 17, 1868, 153 Japanese who were aboard the British vessel “Scioto”, which set sail from the port of Yokohama, arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii as the first immigrants. They were the first group of immigrants from Japan, and are called the “Gannen-mono (first-year arrivals)” and are said to be the roots of the so-called “Hawaii Nikkei.” Sugarcane cultivation was one of the important industries in Hawaii, and Japanese were sought as a labor force to fulfill the demand of workers needed in the rapidly increasing fi elds and sugar processing factories. However, most of the Japanese immigrants were poor in agricultural experience and could not tolerate the long working In 1871, the “Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan” was concluded, and Japan and Hawaii established formal diplomatic relations. At that time Japan had many problems, such as diplomatic problems with China and Russia, and could not afford to deal with immigrants to Hawaii. Meanwhile, in Hawaii, the immigration business was interrupted due to the passing of Consul General of Hawaii in Japan Eugene Van Reed who was aggressive in immigration negotiations. Subsequently, the “Japan-Hawaii Labor hours under the scorching sun and low wages. The Japanese government demanded for their immediate return and for the improvement in treatment of immigrants whom wished to return home. However, since one and a half years have already passed after the immigrants' complained, the first-year immigrants had already made up their minds to get through with the remaining contract, and there were only 40 people who actually returned home. With the expiration of their three-year contracts, the first-year arrivals have split up in their respective ways. Some remained in Hawaii, some moved to the United States mainland, and some returned to Japan.Immigration Treaty” was concluded in 1885, and the immigration business was officially restarted. It all started when King Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881. The immigrants that the government mediated were called “contract immigrants”, and many Japanese migrated to Hawaii. At that time, Minister for Foreign Affairs Kaoru Inoue was acquainted with Acting Consul-General of Hawaii to Japan Robert W. Irwin and they strongly promoted the immigration business. In the first official immigration, there were a lot of people from Yamaguchi prefecture where Mr. Inoue was from. The people from Yamaguchi Prefecture and adjacent Hiroshima Prefecture together accounted for 64% of the total immigrants. The official immigration was conducted 26 times in 9 years, and the total number of contract immigrants was 23,340 men and 5,799 women, totaling 29,139 people.★Immigration History of Hawaii and Japan1868Immigrants in HawaiiThe Immigration Business First JapaneseBegins AgainHistoryImmigration in Hawaii 150th Anniversary Special Feature
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