for housing and medical care. At the time, the wages of day workers in Japan were about 16 sen per day, so they would be paid 4 yen 16 sen per month if they worked 26 days per month. When Hawaiian monthly wages were converted to Japanese rates, it equaled 7 yen 50 sen, so there were quite a few Japanese who wished to migrate.Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration TreatyThe conditions of the treaty were also applied to Japanese nationals who were in Hawaii prior to the signing of the treatyHawaii was offi cially annexed by the United StatesThe Republic of Hawaii was establishedImmigration companies start recruitment of Japanese immigrantsThe United States Congress passed the legislation to ban Japanese immigration which banned immigration entirelyJapanese constituted 40% of the total population in HawaiiJapan surrenders unconditionally and the war endsTreaty of San Francisco was signedSecurity Treaty Between the United States and Japan was signed■Reference materials: “Japanese who pioneered Hawaii ̶ The challenges of Japanese Men” (Masumi Nakagomi, Gentosha Media Consulting) and various websitesMonday, February 12, 2018★Who are contract immigrants? Contract immigrants are those who migrated to Hawaii according to the “Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty.” The conditions of migrant workers involved long working hours: 26 days of labor per month, 10 working hours per day outdoors, and 12 working hours indoors. Wages were $15 for men and $10 for women, and the employer was responsible ★Launch of fi rst Japanese newspaper in Hawaii “Nippon Shuho” In 1892, Bunichiro Onome published an article in “Nippon Shuho” to criticize the Japanese Immigration Bureau's disdain for immigrants. Onome was an ex-immigration inspector who entered Hawaii by boat along with the third contract immigrants (1886). “Nippon Shuho” was the first Japanese newspaper in Hawaii, and a lot of Japanese newspapers were issued in Hawaii afterwards.The fi rst contract immigrants migrated to Hawaii★Attack on Pearl Harbor In 1941, Japanese battle planes attacked Pearl Harbor. As a result, five American battleships and two destroyers were sunk, and 140 aircrafts were destroyed. Japanese-Americans buried and burned all items that may have been seen as a tie to Japan to protect themselves and their families.1945150-year anniversary since the arrival of the fi rst Japanese immigrants188618921894189819101928194119471951The Shinro Shimbun Hawaii Edition15The United Japanese Society of Hawaii in Honolulu was established1958 In 1945, Japan surrendered and World War II ended. Of the Hawaii war deads, 62.8% were second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nikkei Nisei). The struggle of the 442nd Infantry Regiment by Japanese-American volunteers gradually alleviated the American's Since 1894, the Japanese government entrusted the immigration business to government-approved private immigration companies. Perhaps because of this change, the immigrant companies deducted from Japanese workers' salaries in the name of prioritizing profits, which forced the immigrants to work to repay them during the contract period. The male workers' salaries were quite anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Japanese-Americans steadily regained their trust. In 1952, the “Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952” was enacted and naturalization was permitted for Japanese. 77 years have passed since Japanese immigrants first low, at $12.50 at that time. After this change, Japanese immigrants accounted for 70% of sugarcane workers. The new Immigration Act in 1924 prohibited entry of new immigrants, no longer allowing immigrants to bring their parents, children, and wives over. Until then, the Japanese government had a policy that “immigrants are migrant workers”, but once immigrants returned to Japan, they faced a situation in which they could not work again in Hawaii, which made Japanese immigrants think about settling in Hawaii arrived in Hawaii in 1868. A decade after the war, the Japanese-Americans' environment in the United States improved significantly. There were many Japanese-Americans who became active in various fields including politics, the public sector, and the business world. Also, there was remarkable progress in the advancement of women in society. Japanese who had been for the fi rst time. However, since Japanese did not have the right to naturalize in the United States, they could not obtain citizenship even if they lived in Hawaii for decades. Under such circumstances, World War II broke out. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, even though there were many Japanese immigrants residing in Hawaii. Many people were indignant of the acts that ignored the existence of Japanese immigrants (Nikkei), while there were others that sympathized with their homeland being driven into a corner.working in the sugar industry began to struggle in their businesses and were increasingly being placed in difficult situations. Sugarcane plantations were closed one after another and were transformed into high-rise hotels, huge shopping centers, and golf courses. Eventually, Japanese companies advanced to Hawaii, and when the Hawaii tourism became popular amongst the Japanese, Japanese-Americans who can speak both Japanese and English became hugely successful in the industry. In December 2016, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Hawaii to hold a summit meeting to summarize the relationship between Japan Immigrant workers were tired of the harsh labor and had little room to educate their children. Furthermore, the parents themselves were often illiterate, thus many children were in a situation where they could not speak, read or write Japanese. Many children said that they were speaking a mixture of English, Hawaiian, and Japanese. Reverend Takie Okumura who was visiting Hawaii realized the necessity of Japanese language education and founded a “Japanese Elementary School” on Oahu Island so children would not be troubled The War Brides Act was enacted, and Japanese women who became war brides began to migrate to Hawaiiand the United States and expressed condolences to those who died in the attack of Pearl Harbor. It can be said that this visit symbolizes the firm bond between Japan and the United States as well as the relationship between Japan and Hawaii.when they returned to Japan. In addition, the first Japanese language school in Hawaii was established in 1893, and a Japanese school operated by a Christian church and Buddhist temple, and an independent Japanese school not dependent of religion was also made. The educational purpose for all schools was to provide Japanese language education and moral education to Japanese children living in Hawaii. Thus, Japanese textbooks were used and ceremonies were held at schools in accordance with Japanese holidays.18852018Educational problems of Hawaii immigrantsThe New Immigration Act and World War IIJapanese-Americans Becoming American CitizensHistoryLet's Learn More About the Connection Between Hawaii and Japan Through Culture!
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